Design Requirements Spec

INTRO

If the Use Case provides the WHY, then the Requirements define the WHAT for the instrument to be created.

A Design Requirements Specification describes the product in terms of its Features. Functions and Performance.

Where are the requirements derived from? These specs can

1. fall naturally out of the Use-Case
2. reflect industry standards
3. require creating a strategy of making these decisions

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FUNCTIONS

• Measure voltages listed in Use Case: 1.5V to 20V
• Provide 2 selectable Voltage Ranges: +4V and +20V Range.

FEATURES

• Pushbutton selects voltage range
• Laptop window displays voltage.
• No Calibration

PERFORMANCE

• Accuracy
  • 4V Range: Verror = ±15mV ±1.5% of Reading
  • 20V Range: Verror = ±75mV ±1.5% of Reading
• Measurement overange: 20%
  • 4V Range: 4V x 1.2 = 4.8V
  • 20V Range: 20V x 1.2 = 24V
• General
  • Input R: 1M both ranges
  • Input polarity: positive only (unipolar)
  • Input V max: +/--50V (must safely handle overvoltages)
  • Display update: 0.25 to 0.5s (industry standard)
  • Settle to within accuracy < 1 sec

VOLTAGE RANGE STRATEGY

Why two voltage ranges, why not a single 20V range?

• Many ADCs have an input voltage range of 0V to 4V (or 0V to 5V).
• A 4V input range is an easy choice to directly digitize the voltage below 4V.
• However a 20V range requires an 5:1 attenuator to scale down the 20V input to a 4V input level of the ADC. Unfortunately, scaling down comes with a price. Any error of the ADC, 10mV for example, will scale up by 1:5 for a 50mV equivalent error at the battery, degrading the accuracy at lower voltages! 
• So, we'll keep a separate lower range for better accuracy for inputs below 4V.

ACCURACY STRATEGY

Where did the accuracy requirement come from? The answer came from digging into the Use Case and making some reasonable assumptions . 

• The Use Case states that customers typically replace a 1.5V AA at 1.1V and a 9V at 7.0V.
• An Industry Rule-of-Thumb:  the instrument should be 10x more accuracte than characteristic to be measured.

1.5V AA Accuracy Required

• What is the expected voltage change from nominal to depleted battery?
    dV = 1.5V - 1.1V = 0.4V
• For a measurement with 10x more accuracy:
    dVerr = 0.4V/10 = 40mV

9V Accuracy Required

• What is the expected voltage change from nominal to depleted battery?
    dV = 9.0V - 7.0V = 2.0V
• For a measurement with 10x more accuracy:
    dVerr = 2.0V/10 = 200mV

GAIN & OFFSET ERROR STRATEGY

Most instruments exhibit two significant non-ideal behaviors: an Offset Error and a Gain Error. The goal is to select values for Offset and Gain Error that will meet the overall accuracy of 40mV (4V Range) and 200mV (20V Range).

With some trial and error, as well as past experience with voltmeters, we settle on some reasonable Offset and Gain Errors. Let's check if they pass spec at 20% charge remaining.

• 4V Range: 15mV + 1.5% of Reading
  • Check Verror = 15mV + 1.5%/100 x 1.13V = 38mV (< 40mV PASS)
• 20V Range: 75mV + 1.5% of Reading
  • Check Verror = 75mV + 1.5%/100 x 7.1 = 158mV (< 200mV PASS)

BANDWIDTH STRATEGY

Ideally, the voltmeter should respond quickly to a voltage change - implying a high bandwidth.

However, the long battery test leads may pickup unwanted signals like 60Hz mains or a multitude of radio frequencies. Unfortunately, these signals can cause fluctuating readings or harrnful transients. What's the fix? Add a Low Pass filter before the ADC to reduce these interfering signals. The filter bandwidth should be

• LOW enough to attenuate 60Hz mains pickup.
• HIGH enough to settle to specified accuracy without a significant perceptable delay to the user.

HANDS-ON

Play in the Excel file - modify values, see what happens!

• Excel File:  DVM1_Offset_Gain_Errors1.xlsx
• Right Click on the filename, select "Save link as...".

Offset and Gain Error

• Suppose the system had a larger offset error. Increase Voffset from 15mV to 25mV. What is the Verr at 1.5V?
• Can you reduce the Gain Error (Kerr) sufficiently to still meet the spec of Verr = 40mV at 1.5V?

ADJUST THE SPECS?

Are these specifications set in stone? During development, specs can be refined and adjusted for a number of reasons.

• A competitor has an improved performace.
• The product achieved better than expected performace.
• The accuracy cannot be met given the budget or technology.
• The assumed needs were over or understated.

 

NEXT UP

The next step is to draft the Implementation Strategy to answer HOW we can achieve the Design Requirements.

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